best books on pirates

The Ultimate Guide to the Best Books on Pirates

Ahoy, mateys! Prepare to set sail on a literary adventure into the fascinating world of pirates. From the swashbuckling tales of treasure hunts on the high seas to the intriguing historical accounts of real-life buccaneers, the allure of pirates has captivated readers for centuries. In this ultimate guide, we’ll delve into the best books on pirates, covering both fictional works that transport us into thrilling pirate escapades and non-fictional accounts that shed light on the legends and realities of piracy.

Introduction to Pirates and Their History

Before we dive into the treasure trove of pirate books, let’s set the stage by exploring the concept of piracy and its rich historical background. Piracy, the act of robbing or attacking ships at sea, has been a part of human history for thousands of years. Whether driven by the pursuit of wealth, political motives, or a thirst for adventure, pirates have left an indelible mark on maritime history.

The golden age of pirates, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, witnessed the rise of infamous figures such as Blackbeard, Captain Kidd, and Anne Bonny. These daring buccaneers plundered ships, terrorized coastal towns, and became legendary figures in their own right. Understanding the historical context of piracy helps us appreciate the allure of pirate literature even more.

Fictional Works on Pirates

In this section, we will explore a treasure trove of fictional works that transport readers into the thrilling world of pirates. From classic pirate novels that have stood the test of time to contemporary tales that put a fresh spin on age-old legends, these books allow us to embark on daring adventures without leaving the comfort of our reading nooks.

Classic Pirate Novels take us back to the heyday of pirate literature, where hidden treasure maps, peg-legged captains, and island adventures await. Robert Louis Stevenson’s timeless masterpiece, “Treasure Island,” remains a staple in pirate fiction, captivating readers of all ages with its swashbuckling narrative and unforgettable characters. Celia Rees’ “Pirates!” introduces us to Nancy and Minerva, two young women seeking freedom and excitement on the high seas.

For those seeking a taste of pirate fiction in a more historical context, “Captain Blood” by Rafael Sabatini brings to life the exploits of an Irish physician turned pirate during the tumultuous era of Caribbean piracy. Michael Crichton’s “Pirate Latitudes” offers a gripping tale set in the 17th-century Caribbean, where Captain Charles Hunter embarks on a perilous mission to plunder a Spanish galleon.

Contemporary Pirate Fiction offers a fresh take on pirate tales, blending historical elements with modern storytelling. Robert Kurson’s “Pirate Hunters” combines adventure and historical investigation as a team of divers and historians search for the lost ship of notorious pirate Joseph Bannister. Richard Zacks’ “The Pirate Hunter: The True Story of Captain Kidd” uncovers the truth behind the infamous pirate’s life and his ill-fated treasure quest.

Young adult readers can also embark on thrilling pirate adventures through books like J. Patrick Lewis’ “Blackbeard: The Pirate King,” which introduces the life and exploits of the notorious Blackbeard in a captivating verse. Justin Somper’s “Vampirates” series combines vampires and pirates in a unique and exciting fusion of genres, while Gideon Defoe’s humorous “Pirates!” series brings a comedic twist to the pirate narrative.

Graphic Novels and Comics offer a visual feast for pirate enthusiasts. Eiichiro Oda’s long-running manga series “One Piece” takes readers on an epic journey with Monkey D. Luffy and his crew as they search for the ultimate treasure, the One Piece. “Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl” by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio captures the swashbuckling adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow in comic form. Greg Rucka’s “Black Sails” serves as a prequel to the popular TV series, diving deeper into the lives of the characters that grace our screens.

Non-Fiction Books on Pirates

Step into the realm of historical accuracy and true accounts with non-fiction books on pirates. These captivating works provide insights into the realities of piracy, the lives of famous pirates, and the historical context surrounding their exploits. Whether you are a history buff or simply curious about the truth behind the legends, these books offer a treasure trove of knowledge.

Historical Accounts and Biographies delve into the lives of notorious pirates and the historical events that shaped their era. Colin Woodard’s “The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down” uncovers the hidden world of the Caribbean pirates and the man who aimed to end their reign. David Cordingly’s “Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates” separates fact from fiction, painting a vivid picture of what life was truly like for those who chose the pirate’s path.

The Ultimate Guide to the Best Books on Pirates

Ahoy, mateys! Prepare to set sail on a literary adventure into the fascinating world of pirates. From the swashbuckling tales of treasure hunts on the high seas to the intriguing historical accounts of real-life buccaneers, the allure of pirates has captivated readers for centuries. In this ultimate guide, we’ll delve into the best books on pirates, covering both fictional works that transport us into thrilling pirate escapades and non-fictional accounts that shed light on the legends and realities of piracy.

Introduction to Pirates and Their History

Before we dive into the treasure trove of pirate books, let’s set the stage by exploring the concept of piracy and its rich historical background. Piracy, the act of robbing or attacking ships at sea, has been a part of human history for thousands of years. Whether driven by the pursuit of wealth, political motives, or a thirst for adventure, pirates have left an indelible mark on maritime history.

The golden age of pirates, spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, witnessed the rise of infamous figures such as Blackbeard, Captain Kidd, and Anne Bonny. These daring buccaneers plundered ships, terrorized coastal towns, and became legendary figures in their own right. Understanding the historical context of piracy helps us appreciate the allure of pirate literature even more.

Pirates were not just criminals but also rebels, outcasts, and adventurers. The allure of the pirate lifestyle, with its promises of freedom and riches, has inspired countless stories and fueled the imaginations of readers throughout the ages. Pirates represented a romanticized form of rebellion against the established order, challenging the authority of nations and empires. Their audacious exploits, hidden treasures, and daring escapades captured the hearts and minds of people worldwide.

The history of piracy is not just confined to a specific time or region. From the notorious pirates of the Caribbean to the Barbary corsairs of the Mediterranean, pirates sailed the seas in search of fortune and adventure. The tales of their audacity and cunning have become the stuff of legends, passed down through generations. From the pirate havens of Nassau and Tortuga to the treacherous waters of the South China Sea, pirates left their mark on the world map.

Pirate literature offers a glimpse into this captivating world, allowing readers to experience the thrill of high-seas adventures, encounter legendary figures, and explore the moral ambiguity of a life lived outside the law. Whether through fiction or non-fiction, these books provide an escape into an era filled with danger, romance, and the allure of hidden treasures.

In the following sections, we will embark on a literary journey, exploring a wide range of pirate books. We will navigate through classic pirate novels that have stood the test of time, discover contemporary pirate fiction that offers fresh perspectives, dive into non-fiction accounts that shed light on the realities of piracy, and explore reference books and guides that provide comprehensive insights into pirate history and culture.

So, batten down the hatches, grab your compass, and prepare to set sail with us as we explore the best books on pirates. The world of adventure and intrigue awaits!

Fictional Works on Pirates

In this section, we will explore a treasure trove of fictional works that transport readers into the thrilling world of pirates. From classic pirate novels that have stood the test of time to contemporary tales that put a fresh spin on age-old legends, these books allow us to embark on daring adventures without leaving the comfort of our reading nooks.

Classic Pirate Novels take us back to the heyday of pirate literature, where hidden treasure maps, peg-legged captains, and island adventures await. One of the most iconic and beloved pirate novels is Robert Louis Stevenson’s timeless masterpiece, “Treasure Island.” First published in 1883, this swashbuckling tale follows young Jim Hawkins as he sets sail on the Hispaniola in search of Captain Flint’s buried treasure. With memorable characters like Long John Silver, the one-legged pirate with a silver tongue, and memorable phrases like “Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum,” this novel has become the archetype for pirate adventures.

Another classic pirate novel that deserves recognition is “Pirates!” by Celia Rees. This gripping coming-of-age story introduces us to Nancy and Minerva, two young women who escape their constrained lives in 18th-century England to seek freedom and excitement on the high seas. As they join a pirate crew led by Captain Lancer, they face perilous challenges, navigate treacherous waters, and discover their own strength and resilience.

Rafael Sabatini’s “Captain Blood” is a historical adventure novel that takes us to the Caribbean during the tumultuous era of piracy. The story follows Dr. Peter Blood, an Irish physician who is wrongfully convicted of treason and sold into slavery. Through a series of events, he becomes a pirate captain, commanding his own ship and crew as he seeks justice and revenge. Filled with swashbuckling action, romance, and political intrigue, this novel has become a classic in pirate fiction.

For readers seeking a more modern take on pirate adventures, Michael Crichton’s “Pirate Latitudes” delivers a thrilling tale set in the 17th-century Caribbean. The story follows the exploits of Captain Charles Hunter, a privateer hired by the English crown to raid Spanish galleons and plunder their treasures. With vivid descriptions of battles, shipwrecks, and acts of piracy, Crichton’s novel offers a gripping and fast-paced adventure.

These classic pirate novels continue to captivate readers of all ages, transporting them to a time when the sea was a realm of danger and opportunity, and pirates ruled the waves with their swords and cunning.

Contemporary Pirate Fiction

In this section, we set sail into the realm of contemporary pirate fiction, where authors put a fresh spin on the age-old tales of swashbuckling adventures and hidden treasures. These books offer a modern perspective on pirates, introducing us to new characters, exploring different settings, and infusing the genre with inventive storytelling.

One notable contemporary pirate novel is “Pirate Hunters” by Robert Kurson. This captivating work of non-fiction reads like a thrilling adventure. Kurson follows the journey of two divers, John Chatterton and John Mattera, and their team as they search for the lost ship of notorious pirate Joseph Bannister. Along the way, readers are treated to a mix of historical investigation, underwater exploration, and vivid descriptions of the dangers and excitement of hunting for sunken treasures. “Pirate Hunters” not only sheds light on the real-life stories of pirates but also captures the spirit of adventure that has always surrounded their legends.

Richard Zacks’ “The Pirate Hunter: The True Story of Captain Kidd” is another captivating non-fiction account that unveils the truth behind one of the most infamous pirates in history. Zacks takes readers on a journey through the life of Captain Kidd, exploring his rise to prominence, his ill-fated treasure quests, and the events that led to his downfall. Through meticulous research and engaging storytelling, Zacks presents a vivid portrait of a complex figure caught in the web of piracy and political intrigue.

For those interested in a comprehensive exploration of the world of pirates, Colin Woodard’s “The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down” is a must-read. Woodard delves into the history of piracy in the Caribbean, examining the rise and fall of pirate republics and the individuals who shaped this tumultuous era. From the infamous Blackbeard to the enigmatic Henry Jennings, Woodard brings to life the colorful characters and chaotic world of the Caribbean pirates. This book offers a fascinating blend of history, adventure, and social commentary, providing a deeper understanding of the pirate subculture and its impact on the region.

Contemporary pirate fiction also caters to young adult readers, offering thrilling adventures with a modern twist. J. Patrick Lewis’s “Blackbeard: The Pirate King” introduces young readers to the notorious Blackbeard, recounting his life and exploits through captivating verse. This engaging and accessible book brings history to life and inspires young imaginations.

Justin Somper’s “Vampirates” series combines two popular genres, vampires, and pirates, to create a unique and exciting fusion. Aimed at young adult readers, this series follows the adventures of twins Grace and Connor Tempest, who find themselves aboard a ship with a crew of vampire pirates. Somper weaves together elements of fantasy, action, and romance, creating a thrilling saga that will keep readers on the edge of their seats.

Gideon Defoe’s “Pirates!” series takes a comedic approach to pirate adventures. These humorous novels follow the misadventures of a hapless crew led by the inept but enthusiastic Pirate Captain. With witty dialogue, absurd situations, and a satirical take on pirate tropes, Defoe’s books offer a lighthearted and entertaining twist on the pirate genre.

Contemporary pirate fiction presents readers with a diverse range of stories that breathe new life into the age-old tales of piracy. Whether you’re drawn to historical investigations, supernatural elements, or comedic escapades, there is a contemporary pirate novel that will cater to your taste. These books provide a fresh perspective on pirates, proving that the allure of high-seas adventures continues to captivate readers of all ages.

Young Adult Pirate Books

Ahoy, young adventurers! In this section, we set sail into the world of young adult pirate books. These captivating tales bring the excitement and allure of pirates to the younger generation, allowing them to embark on thrilling adventures on the high seas.

J. Patrick Lewis’s “Blackbeard: The Pirate King” is a young adult book that introduces readers to the notorious Blackbeard, bringing his legendary exploits to life in a captivating and accessible way. Through engaging verse, Lewis recounts Blackbeard’s life, from his early days as Edward Teach to his fearsome reputation as the scourge of the Caribbean. This book not only provides an exciting pirate adventure but also offers insights into the historical figure behind the legends.

For young readers with a taste for fantastical pirate tales, the “Vampirates” series by Justin Somper is a perfect fit. This unique fusion of vampires and pirates takes readers on a thrilling journey with twins Grace and Connor Tempest. After their ship is attacked by pirates, the siblings find themselves separated, with Grace rescued by a vampire ship and Connor taken by traditional pirates. Somper skillfully weaves together elements of fantasy, adventure, and family bonds, creating a captivating series that will keep young readers hooked from start to finish.

Gideon Defoe’s “Pirates!” series is another entertaining choice for young readers. With a comedic twist on the pirate genre, these books follow the misadventures of a hapless crew led by the Pirate Captain. From encounters with ghost ships to encounters with scientists and a diabolical queen, Defoe’s humorous and absurd storytelling will have young readers laughing out loud. The witty dialogue and amusing characters make this series a delightful and entertaining read for those seeking a lighthearted pirate tale.

These young adult pirate books not only offer thrilling adventures but also provide opportunities for young readers to explore themes of bravery, resilience, and self-discovery. Through the eyes of the protagonists, readers can navigate the challenges and triumphs of pirate life, discovering the importance of friendship, loyalty, and the pursuit of one’s dreams. Whether in verse or prose, these books ignite young imaginations and instill a love for storytelling and adventure.

So, young adventurers, hoist the Jolly Roger, grab your compass, and prepare to set sail on these captivating pirate tales. These young adult books will transport you to a world of high-seas adventure, where danger, excitement, and the search for treasure await. Get ready to embark on thrilling journeys and discover the true meaning of courage and resilience as you navigate the treacherous waters alongside pirates both legendary and newly imagined.

Graphic Novels and Comics

Ahoy, comic book enthusiasts! In this section, we explore the exciting world of graphic novels and comics that bring the thrilling adventures of pirates to life through captivating visuals and dynamic storytelling. These visually stunning works take readers on swashbuckling journeys through the high seas, offering an immersive and engaging reading experience.

One of the most popular and long-running pirate-themed manga series is “One Piece” by Eiichiro Oda. Set in a world of vast oceans and islands, “One Piece” follows Monkey D. Luffy and his crew, the Straw Hat Pirates, as they search for the ultimate treasure, the One Piece. With its rich world-building, diverse cast of characters, and epic story arcs, “One Piece” has captured the hearts of readers around the globe. This manga series combines action, adventure, humor, and heartfelt moments, making it a must-read for any pirate enthusiast.

For fans of the “Pirates of the Caribbean” film franchise, the graphic novel adaptation of the first movie, “Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl,” offers a visual feast. Adapted by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, the writers of the film, this graphic novel captures the swashbuckling adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner as they navigate treacherous seas and face off against the cursed crew of the Black Pearl. The stunning artwork brings the characters and action to life, allowing readers to relive the excitement of the beloved film in a new format.

Greg Rucka’s “Black Sails” is a graphic novel prequel to the popular TV series of the same name. Set during the golden age of piracy in the early 18th century, this series explores the lives of iconic pirate captains such as Charles Vane, Anne Bonny, and Edward Teach (Blackbeard). With its gritty artwork and compelling storytelling, “Black Sails” delves deeper into the complex relationships, political intrigues, and violent clashes that define the world of pirates. It offers a darker and more realistic portrayal of pirate life, making it a captivating read for those seeking a more mature and nuanced take on the genre.

Graphic novels and comics provide a unique and visually captivating way to experience the adventures of pirates. The combination of stunning artwork and engaging storytelling immerses readers in the action, allowing them to witness the swashbuckling battles, thrilling escapes, and dramatic confrontations that define the pirate world. Whether it’s the epic and expansive world of “One Piece,” the cinematic adaptation of “Pirates of the Caribbean,” or the gritty prequel of “Black Sails,” these graphic novels and comics offer a feast for the eyes and a thrilling ride for pirate enthusiasts of all ages.

So, grab your eyepatch, dust off your cutlass, and dive into the vibrant and action-packed world of pirate graphic novels and comics. Prepare to be transported into captivating tales filled with daring escapades, larger-than-life characters, and stunning artwork. These visual treasures will ignite your imagination, allowing you to experience the thrill of pirate adventures in a whole new way.

Non-Fiction Books on Pirates

In this section, we delve into the realm of non-fiction books on pirates, offering readers a glimpse into the real-life stories, historical events, and cultural significance surrounding piracy. These books provide a deeper understanding of the lives of pirates, the historical context in which they operated, and the impact they had on the world.

Historical Accounts and Biographies take us on a journey through the lives of notorious pirates and the events that shaped their era. Colin Woodard’s “The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down” uncovers the hidden world of the Caribbean pirates during the golden age of piracy. Woodard explores the lives of famous pirates such as Blackbeard, Charles Vane, and Anne Bonny, while also shedding light on the efforts of Woodes Rogers, the privateer-turned-governor who aimed to bring an end to piracy in the region. Through meticulous research and captivating storytelling, Woodard paints a vivid picture of the pirate republics, their conflicts, and the individuals who played a significant role in this era of seafaring lawlessness.

David Cordingly’s “Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates” separates fact from fiction, providing an in-depth exploration of the realities of pirate life. Cordingly, a renowned maritime historian, delves into historical documents, firsthand accounts, and archaeological findings to present a comprehensive and balanced view of piracy. From the harsh living conditions aboard pirate ships to the democratic governance systems established by some pirate crews, Cordingly presents a nuanced portrayal of the pirates’ world, dispelling myths while uncovering the human stories behind the legends.

“The Pirate Hunter of the Caribbean: The Adventurous Life of Captain Woodes Rogers” by David Cordingly offers a fascinating insight into the life of one of the most influential figures in the fight against piracy. Woodes Rogers, a privateer-turned-governor, was appointed by the British Crown to rid the Caribbean of pirates. Cordingly traces Rogers’ journey from his privateering expeditions to his role in the eradication of piracy, highlighting the challenges he faced and the impact he had on shaping the region’s history. This biography provides a detailed account of Rogers’ adventures and the historical context in which he operated.

Pirate Shipwrecks and Treasure Hunting books give readers a glimpse into the world of underwater archaeology and the quest for lost pirate treasures. Robert Kurson’s “Pirate Hunters: Treasure, Obsession, and the Search for a Legendary Pirate Ship” follows the journey of a team of divers and historians as they search for the sunken ship of pirate Joseph Bannister. Kurson combines archaeological investigation, historical research, and thrilling storytelling to transport readers into the dangerous and exhilarating world of treasure hunting. As the team faces numerous challenges in their quest for lost pirate riches, readers are treated to a blend of history, adventure, and the allure of hidden treasure.

Richard Zacks’ “The Pirate Coast: Thomas Jefferson, the First Marines, and the Secret Mission of 1805” uncovers a little-known chapter in pirate history. Focusing on the Barbary corsairs of North Africa, Zacks reveals the role they played in shaping American foreign policy. He explores the efforts of Thomas Jefferson and the United States to put an end to piracy in the Mediterranean, shedding light on the bravery of the early U.S. Marines who were tasked with confronting the pirates. Zacks weaves together historical accounts, personal narratives, and political intrigue, creating a captivating narrative that highlights the often-overlooked impact of piracy on global affairs.

Pirate Culture and Legends books delve into the cultural significance of pirates and explore the legends and myths that have surrounded them for centuries. Angus Konstam’s “The Pirate World” offers a comprehensive exploration of pirate culture, examining their codes of conduct, social structures, and the myths that have shaped our perception of pirates. Through detailed historical accounts and analysis, Konstam provides readers with a thorough understanding of the pirate phenomenon.

John Reeve Carpenter’s “Pirates: Predators of the Sea” takes a closer look at the realities of piracy, focusing on its impact on maritime trade and the efforts to combat piracy throughout history. Carpenter explores the motivations of pirates, the methods they employed, and the consequences of their actions. Through engaging narratives and historical anecdotes, this book offers a thought-provoking examination of the human condition and the complex interactions between pirates, governments, and society.

Jane Yolen’s “Sea Queens: Women Pirates Around the World” offers a captivating exploration of the often-overlooked role of women in piracy. Yolen presents the stories of female pirates throughout history, including Anne Bonny, Mary Read, and Jeanne de Clisson. Through their tales, Yolen challenges the traditional narrative of male-dominated piracy and highlights the significant contributions and resilience of these remarkable women.

Non-fiction books on pirates offer a wealth of knowledge and insights into the real-life stories and historical events that shaped the world of piracy. From gripping biographies to captivating accounts of treasure hunts and explorations, these books provide a deeper understanding of piracy as a social, cultural, and historical phenomenon. They allow readers to delve into the lives of pirates, explore their motivations, and gain a greater appreciation for the impact they had on the world.

Reference Books and Guides

In this section, we explore reference books and guides that provide comprehensive insights into pirate history, legends, and the culture surrounding piracy. These resources serve as valuable references for enthusiasts, researchers, and anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the world of pirates.

Pirate History and Encyclopedia books offer a wealth of information on pirate culture, historical events, and the lives of famous pirates. “The Pirate Handbook: A Rogue’s Guide to Pillage, Plunder, Chaos, and Conquest” by Pat Croce is a delightful and informative book that covers a wide range of pirate-related topics. From pirate tactics and weaponry to pirate songs and recipes, this handbook is a treasure trove of pirate trivia and lore. With its engaging writing style and visually appealing design, it provides an enjoyable and accessible entry point into the world of pirates.

Angus Konstam’s “Pirate: A Global History” offers a comprehensive overview of piracy throughout the ages and across different regions of the world. Konstam explores the motivations, methods, and impact of piracy, from the ancient Mediterranean to the modern-day waters of Southeast Asia. This book delves into the social, economic, and political factors that contributed to the rise and fall of piracy, providing a global perspective on the phenomenon.

Nigel Cawthorne’s “Pirates: An Illustrated History” brings the world of pirates to life through a combination of detailed historical accounts and stunning visuals. This lavishly illustrated book covers the major periods and personalities of piracy, from the legendary figures of the golden age to the modern-day pirates of the 21st century. With its engaging narratives and captivating images, this book serves as both a reference guide and a visual feast for pirate enthusiasts.

Pirate Tales and Legends books compile a collection of true stories, firsthand accounts, and legendary tales of piracy. “The Mammoth Book of Pirates: Over 25 True Tales of Devilry and Daring by the Most Infamous Pirates of All Time” edited by Jon E. Lewis is a riveting anthology that brings together stories of notorious pirates from different eras and regions. From Blackbeard to Anne Bonny, these tales offer a glimpse into the audacious exploits, treacherous battles, and cunning strategies of history’s most infamous pirates.

Aaron Shepard’s “Pirate Stories: Classic Tales of the Sea” is a collection of traditional pirate stories and legends that have been passed down through generations. From the tales of buried treasure to encounters with ghost ships, these stories capture the essence of the pirate lore. Shepard’s retelling of these classic tales preserves the oral tradition of pirate storytelling, allowing readers to immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of pirate legends.

For those seeking a more interactive and immersive experience, “Pirateology: The Pirate Hunter’s Companion” by Captain William Lubber is a unique and engaging guidebook. This interactive book combines historical information, pop-up illustrations, and interactive elements to create an interactive exploration of pirate life. Readers can learn about pirate flags, decipher secret codes, and even design their own treasure maps. With its hands-on approach and captivating design, “Pirateology” offers a fun and educational experience for pirate enthusiasts of all ages.

Reference books and guides provide a wealth of information and resources for those seeking to delve deeper into the world of pirates. From comprehensive histories to engaging anthologies and interactive guidebooks, these resources cater to different interests and learning styles. Whether you are a casual reader, a history enthusiast, or a dedicated pirate aficionado, these reference books and guides are invaluable companions on your journey into the captivating realm of pirates.


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